Le Belle Dame Sans Merci written on 1820 by John Keats Essays

Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats Essays Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats Paper Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats Paper I will think about the sonnets Lochinvar composed by Walter Scott in 1808 and Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats. Lochinvar and Le Belle Dame Sans Merci are two Romantic sonnets that asserted fame in the development of Romanticism just on the grounds that they were short long, the two of them recount to a story and contain a plot, they were elegant for the Romantic development likewise they were anything but difficult to recollect and present. The primary and most clear likeness between the two sonnets is that they are Romantic. The Romantic time frame started around 1798 and finished roughly around 1832. Sentimental verse focused on nature, sentiments and feelings. Besides the topics of the heavenly and medieval were utilized. It was a break with the old convention, that was until the Victorian development moved in and individuals, activities, outward ethical quality and reason were increasingly significant. Sonnets, for example, Porphyrias Lover were composed during the Victorian development. One of the primary contrasts between the two sonnets would be that Le Belle Dame Sans Merci is a number though Lochinvar utilizes rhyming couplets and age-old language. Likewise Le Belle Dame Sans Merci could be depicted as being terrible and disastrous where Lochinvar is the ideal fantasy with the pure completion. Le Belle Dame Sans Merci can be viewed as a number in light of its shocking substance, the incorporation of a knight and the compelling utilization of normal symbolism. It is broken into four line verses as songs generally are and a normal mood. Moreover every one of the four line verses depicts a different episode in the sonnet, separating it into little, short scenes. Le Belle Dame Sans Merci opposes being a number in a couple of ways. One of the most significant being that it doesn't follow the normal rhyme plan of A B A B; rather it goes A B C B. Lochinvar is likewise written in the style of a song somewhat. It is to a greater degree a society style of composing. A few instances of this would be the point at which, The lady kisses the challis, and, He stayed not for bracken, and he halted not for stone. There is additionally some old language utilized, for example, ere, ye, saith, twere better by a wide margin, and quoth. Obsolete language is commonly used to box a Scottish inflection and underline medieval topic. The Scottish component bolsters the possibility of the society style of composing. The rhyme plot utilized in this sonnet is rhyming couplets adding a consistent cadence to the sonnet. There is likewise a modest quantity of normal symbolism utilized. The account of Lochinvar tells a story of a knight who proceeds to protect the lady that he cherishes from her wedding. Lochinvar needs to get hitched to Ellen. Ellen has quite recently been hitched however Lochinvar turns up at the wedding gathering. Plainly Lochinvar and Ellen are infatuated. They hit the dance floor with one another at the wedding gathering however Ellens mother and father are not under any condition satisfied with this. It is now that they flee together. Their families endeavor to tail them. The primary characters in Lochinvar would be Ellen and Lochinvar. Lochinvar is a Scottish Lord and Knight. He is fearless and strong. We know this since, He rode all unarmed and, he rode isolated, likewise He halted not for break, and he halted not for stone, and He swan the Esk River where passage there was none. There is some hypothesis that he could be hazardous. We realize that Ellens family is very wealthy, the live at Netherby Hall. Furthermore, Ellens guardians don't affirm of Lochinvar. It could be conceivable that Ellens marriage could be masterminded. Lochinvar and Ellen have been enamored for quite a while so perhaps Ellens guardians masterminded this union with attempt to avoid Lochinvar from Ellens life. The account of Le Belle Dame Sans Merci is that of a shocking one, finishing off with conceivable demise and puzzle. The storyteller in the sonnet meets a knight who looks incredibly unwell. The storyteller asks the knight what's going on. He keeps on telling the storyteller that he met a pixie in the field. He made her some adornments comprising of blossoms, at that point the pixie reveals to him that she cherishes him. The pixie at that point took the knight to a cavern. She cries and he kisses her. The pixie at that point sings the night to rest, at that point he has terrible dreams about death. He at that point wakes and seems, by all accounts, to be in a field. A solid chance is that the entire experience could have been a fantasy. English Literature Kieran Walsh 10E Show review just The above see is unformatted text This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE John Keats area.

Training and Development Initiatives in an Organization Essay Example for Free

Preparing and Development Initiatives in an Organization Essay Preparing and improvement alludes to the procedure to get or move information, aptitudes and capacities (KSA) expected to do a particular action or assignment. It incorporates genuine and express KSAs as well as consolidates KSAs that are regularly hard to explain. Preparing and advancement will help representatives in the utilization of new advances, and convey and work better in extemporized work frameworks. So as to meet the present and future difficulties, preparing and improvement expect a wide scope of learning activities, for example, preparing of the representatives and information sharing, which would then extend individual and hierarchical adequacy. Subsequently, this would then permit the association to completely use employee’s implicit and unequivocal information and extends individual, gathering and authoritative adequacy. Why is Training and Development Important? Associations are encountering extraordinary, fast changes because of new advancements, corporate rebuilding, nonstop rising rivalry and globalization. These variables have expanded the significance of learning and profiting by human capital so as to have a continued upper hand over the contenders. Tracey (2003) characterized human capital as ‘the individuals that staff and work an association as appeared differently in relation to the budgetary and material assets of an association. ’ Tracey (2003) likewise expresses that HR allude to the hierarchical capacity that ‘deals with the individuals who oversee, produce, market and sell the items and administrations of an association. A complete preparing and improvement program helps in the thought of the information, aptitudes and perspectives that are expected to accomplish authoritative objectives and to make an upper hand. (Peteraf 1993) Training and advancement process has expected a vital job in associations. (Stavrou et al. 2004; Apospori et al. 2008). Apospori et al. (2008) had reasoned that there is an impressive effect of preparing on employees’ execution. With the correct preparing and advancement procedure, rganizations can profit however upgraded development, effectiveness, efficiency and improvement in the nature of items and administrations they will have the option to give to their clients. This will yield higher monetary profits and it will authoritatively improve the organization’s notoriety and permit the association to contend seriously in its industry. Associations that are reliably and widely making new information actualizes it rapidly inside its association through the selection of new advances. These exercises decide a learning association, which understand that making of new information through preparing and improvement is turning into the way to progress (Vemic, 2007). Preparing and Development Initiatives: How and why the connections are normal? Given that human capital assume a huge job in an organization’s seriousness, preparing and advancement activities are structured such that will help the association effectively actualize its procedure and arrive at hierarchical objectives. Preparing is viewed as basic to representative ability obtaining and has been appeared to improve profitability at authoritative and singular levels (Bartel, 1994). Preparing and improvement increases business span and coherence (Gritz, 1993) and administrative progression. Association administrations have likewise understood that preparation and advancement is a basic method that can add to employees’ expanded work confidence just as expanded inspiration and occupation fulfillment. With an expanded inspiration and occupation fulfillment, this would at last improve employees’ execution in the association. Studies have additionally indicated positive connections among preparing and advancement systems and employees’ execution and work resolve (Vemic, 2007). This is particularly so as the connection between the association and the representative has changed massively throughout the years. There is a more prominent significance and worth connected to employees’ commitments. In today’s society, workers assume a key job towards building up a fruitful authoritative execution. Preparing and Development impactsly affects Employee’s Work Morale/Motivation Studies have additionally discovered that the accomplishment of preparing and evelopment is legitimately identified with the level of employees’ inspiration (Colquitt, LePine and Noe, 2000). This is on the grounds that employees’ inspiration/work-confidence is gotten from the preparation and improvement openings, which permit them to upgrade their abilities and climb the company pecking order. Workers consider preparing and improvement a non-fiscal motivator or a type of remuneration for a representative. (Fischer and Nunn, 1992) likewise, when workers are chosen for preparing and advancement programs, it increments employees’ post-preparing hierarchical duty, self-adequacy and preparing inspiration. Representatives will in general feel a higher activity fulfillment and strengthening in their work environment. Along these lines, the higher the preparation inspiration, the more the representatives are happy to partake in future preparing and improvement programs and the better the employee’s work confidence/inspiration becomes (Tharenou, 2001). Preparing and Development impactsly affects Employees’ Performance Training and improvement permits associations to accomplish the board goals, resolve issues and adjust societies to their strategic qualities. With preparing and advancement, representatives learn new aptitudes and information, for example, particular expertise preparing, which increment security and profitability as well as prompts improved employees’ execution. Studies have likewise discovered that it expands efficiencies in authoritative procedures and an expanded ability to embrace new advances and strategies. In Chart’s (2000) Exploratory Benchmark Survey, 70% of the respondents have concurred that preparation and advancement positively affects their work execution and organization’s capacity to improve inhabitance and in general money related productivity. Furthermore, all around prepared workers are likewise more joyful with their employments and are bound to remain, henceforth expanding the standard for dependability in the association (Berta, 2001). Hypothetical Gap: Training and Development can have Negative Impact on Employees’ Performance and Work Morale However, preparing and advancement can likewise have negative effect on employees’ exhibitions and work confidence. In each association, there are underrepresented bunches who have less long stretches of preparing and advancement than others. Some are even denied of preparing and improvement openings. For instance, investigate has discovered that ladies are probably going to increase less hours out of every time of preparing and improvement than men since they are at lower administrative levels. It could likewise be because of the way that for the most part female workers are having extra duties from their families. Additionally, those with inabilities and from non-English-talking foundations are found to have less preparing and improvement openings. Furthermore, contemplates have likewise proposed that workers who are not chosen for preparing and advancement projects will feel a high and exceptional degree of hardship in the association. Whenever workers are denied of preparing and advancement openings, they will in general think about the misfortune and the valence of the result. This reflection prompts musings about how their results could have been extraordinary on the off chance that they were allowed the chance to take an interest in the organizations’ preparing and advancement programs (Epstude Roese, 2008). This would then prompt the acknowledgment and hatred of this hardship. Denied workers will at that point begin assessing the injustice and their impeded circumstance. Subsequently, it further reductions their aim to partake in future preparing and advancement activities, as they feel angry. Along these lines, denied representatives may see shamefulness in the organization’s structure and this will adversely influence and effect on their work execution and work assurance/inspiration. In conclusion, preparing and improvement can likewise have negative effect on employees’ work assurance/inspiration particularly when representatives have taken an interest in the preparation and advancement courses however there is no feeling of self-adequacy in the work environment and workers feel distance. For this situation, employees’ work-confidence/inspiration is estimated at a more significant level, for example, the duties given to the representatives, the evasion of routine undertakings and the employees’ support in organization’s choices and key arranging. Rather than feeling propelled in the wake of preparing and advancement, if the representative isn't given the acknowledgment or the ideal chances to take up recognized influential positions in the association, they become angry, which will at that point influence their work resolve and result in negative work execution (Pettigrew, 2002). End Overall, this examination makes a stride towards better comprehension of the degree to how preparing and improvement activities in an association can affect on employees’ execution and work confidence/inspiration. As the worldwide economy turns out to be progressively information based, the securing and improvement of human capital has gotten progressively fundamental to firm’s manageability and achievement. Associations frequently cautiously select specialists who are willing and anxious to take an interest in preparing and improvement activities. In any case, associations must have a superior comprehension about what their representatives need to learn and improve in (Maxey, 2002). Moreover, associations ought to likewise give equivalent and reasonable progression chances to all representatives inside the association, paying little heed to components, for example, sexual orientation and work expe

The Twisted Mind of a Serial Killer Essay Example For Students

The Twisted Mind of a Serial Killer Essay The Twisted Mind of a Serial Killer Essay As police stroll into a relinquished house, a foul smell overwhelms them. The room is diminish and looks just as nobody has been here for quite a long time. They walk further into the house and start to see spots of blood on the floor. They follow this path down the steps into the storm cellar where the smell gets overpowering, making a portion of the officials heave and run back up the steps. In the cellar, they discover the remaining parts of a few little fellows who have been attacked and gravely mangled. What could make somebody partake in such ghastly deeds? What kind of individual can perform such insidious acts? Sequential executioners consistently have stirred the interest and worry of people in general. Individuals appear to be both entranced and rebuffed by their ghastly violations. The tales stand out as truly newsworthy, and their grim killings are the subject of famous motion pictures and top of the line books. In this paper, I will examine what causes a person to turn into a sequential executioner. Albeit social researchers have created numerous speculations to clarify the brain of a sequential executioner, the logical proof backings the hypotheses of sociopathy, psychopathy, twisted satisfaction, youth misuse, and hereditary qualities. The Federal Bureau of Investigation characterizes a sequential homicide as the killing of a few casualties in at least ten separate episodes over an all-encompassing timeframe (Dietz 483). We will compose a custom article on The Twisted Mind of a Serial Killer explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Sequential killers are frequently arranged into explicit classes. One classification is rationale; intention executioners are explicitly twisted executioners or binge executioners. The brain research of the executioner is another classification used to describe these crooks. These sorts of executioners are named sociopaths and mental cases. This paper will concentrate fundamentally on enemies of the maniacal and explicitly cruel kind, for these are the ones on which people in general and media will in general core interest. As per James Fox and Jack Levin (19), sequential executioners are most constantly Caucasian guys who are in their twenties or thirties. In spite of the fact that there are accounted for instances of female sequential executioners, the field is transcendently made out of guys. There are two key attributes of a sequential executioner, one being the nearness of sociopathy or forceful standoffish conduct. It has been evaluated that about three percent of guys in our general public might be sociopaths. Most socio-ways are not savage: they may lie, cheat, or take, yet assault and murder are not really engaging them. This dysfunctional behavior can prompt brutal upheavals, which are hard to control without treatment; and without treatment, assault and murder can be alluring to those with this condition. The second key quality of most sequential executioners is a staggering requirement for control. Ladies and kids are regularly focused on the grounds that they are viewed as feeble and handily ruled figures. Executioners will tie their casualties up with ropes or chains and watch them weakly battle to free themselves. They may likewise torment them and watch as their supplications for opportunity fall upon hard of hearing ears. Numerous executioners are unbalanced and display indications of future viciousness at an early age. Society regularly goes to the childhood of the executioner for answers. Numerous executioners discuss their childhoods being brimming with sexual maltreatment, torment, and commotion (Scott). In his book Serial Killers, Joel Norris talks about brutality as something that cycles from age to age: Parents who misuse their youngsters, truly just as mentally, impart in them a practically intuitive dependence upon viciousness as a first retreat to any test. Youth misuse produces savage responses, yet in addition influences the childs wellbeing, including mind wounds, unhealthiness, and other formative issue (49 50). Viciousness right off the bat in life may prompt these unfortunate inclinations to manhandle and slaughter. Guardians frequently accept that severe order will enable the person to grow up to be solid, however it, thus, makes a hole between the youngster and the guardians. The youngster doesn't feel cherished or needed. This may prompt disconnection and perhaps rough propensities as a wellspring of satisfaction. .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 , .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .postImageUrl , .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 , .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658:hover , .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658:visited , .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658:active { border:0!important; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658:active , .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf 925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf925938e0383d57283312e7f4be27658:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Emma and raskolvikov Essay Robert Ressler stated, Instead of creating positive attributes of trust, security, and self-rule, kid advancement gets reliant on dream life and its prevailing topics, as opposed to on social cooperation (84). .

Risk Management both - Free Essay Example

Chapter 1 Introduction Overview Detailed study has been started to understand Risk Management both conceptually and as a process on its own comprising on several stages, tasks and responsibilities. A series of interviews has been performed with an Information System Support Analyst working within the IT industry in order to identify key aspects of Organisational Risk Management in a typical IT firm. It has been identified, by reading several online research journals and conducting interviews that Risk Management can be better understood either by studying different case studies or practically meeting key risk management individuals preferably working within the IT industry to seek knowledge on types of risks these individuals forecast and the measures identified to avoid the probability of their occurrence.. Focus of this research has been maintained towards differentiating the application of Risk Management within small and large IT organisations using CRAMM as a methodology. Relevant risk management individuals are yet to be identified and approached for interviews and further analysis of the topic. Some evidence of the study to date is as follows: Overview of Risk Management Process An efficient and effective risk management strategy plays a vital role towards building an organisations Information Technology security. A major objective of a successful risk management process is not just safe guarding the organisations IT infrastructure but also the organisations ability to achieve its objectives. Hence risk management should not just be treated solely as an IT task but more of a strategic policy implementation that is later on based on strong computerised systems. It has been recognised by a number of experts and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective IT tools and methodologies. Risk can be defined as the impact or effects of a weakness within a system, a department or an organisation. Risk is usually studied based on the calculations and estimations of its probability and the impact of occurrence. Organisational risks can be highly devastating for it to achieve its goals. Hence, organisations are always working towards strengthening their risk management strategies and measures so to avoid the impact and probability of its occurrence. An effective risk management policy usually comprises the following stages: Identification of Risks Risk Assessment Risk Analysis Potential Risk Treatments Risk Management Plan Execution of Plan Review and Evaluation of the Plan Keeping the key objectives of this research under consideration, the study is being performed towards understanding the development framework of a typical risk management software application which will be effective enough for assessing, analysing and mitigating risks which are expected to occur within IT organisations and systems. Importance of Risk Management in IT Organisation Effective Risk management is vital for every development and production based organisation. Ina typical IT organisation, development of various vital computer applications is always an ongoing process whereby new ideas are being computerised every day. This never ending development involves a wide variety of IT resources being involved. Even a smallest harm to such vital resources can result into huge costs or time delays to the company. Hence, for an IT organisation, irrespective or their size, it is essential to have an effectively designed, tested and reviewed risk management process so to avoid the worse consequences. Within an IT environment, there are risks involved in everything they do because of a heavy usage of high profile computer applications and hardware being used non-stop. In order to be sure that all the processes and systems are being used within the safety and risk proof standards, it is essential to have a continuous risk identification and analysis process. Risk management contributes to the following vital factors: Increased certainty Better service delivery Effective change management Efficient use of resources Better decision making Surety to invest in new Innovations Safer working environment In order to understand risk management in detail, it is essential to identify various risk management methodologies and frameworks currently applied in the market. Several risk management frameworks have been identified and studied to differentiate their applications and effects on risk occurrences and impacts. Risk Management Methodologies CRAMM It has been recognised by a number of experts and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective tools, methodologies and frameworks. As expressed in the proposal, this research studies a market leading Risk Management methodology called CRAMM (CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Method). The idea of CRAMM came into reality in 1987 by CCTA (Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency) of the United Kingdom government and is one of the market leading risk management frameworks on today. CRAMM is a sophisticated methodology and is currently on its version 5.0 which comprises of a three staged risk management framework: Asset identification and valuation. Threat and vulnerability assessment. Countermeasure selection and recommendation. CRAMM is simply a framework that uses a specific format. This format includes the following key components: Interviews, meetings and surveys to gather data Divides IT assets into sub categories such as: data, software and physical assets Helps you realise the impact of the occurrence of a risk Identifies the likelihood of a threat to occur Research Justification An effective risk management strategy, when transferred into hardcoded software applications, provides assurance to the higher level executives of an organisation towards successfully achieving the following objectives: The smooth development and delivery of products. Time, cost and quality assurance of products to meet the standards. Analysing, assessing, controlling and managing the risks involved, with in time. The standards of operations in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. However, risk management process can be different based on the size of organisations. This research paper will also identify the difference of risk management implementations between large and small organisations. Project Aims and Objective A major aim of this research work is to focus on the fundamentals of risk management strategy and the implementation of risk management systems using CRAMM as a risk management methodology, with in small and large business organisations. Another key objective of investigating risk management is to understand how large and small organisations are currently safe guarding their key internal and external information assets stored on various IT platforms and avoid the high probability of risks that can hinder them achieving their objectives. This research will help gain a better idea of how organisations approach and accomplish their mission statements safe guarding their internal systems which are the hubs and stores for better information sharing. Another key objective of this research work is to study the stages involved in the designing and implementing an effective computerised risk management system in a generic business organisation. Initial study into risk management concludes the purpose of the process is to minimise the probability of high and low impact risks involved in implementing different IT systems which assist in smooth running of an organisation. Based on this study the research work will further provide a design and implementation of a risk management system keeping in mind the key components, features and objectives of such smart systems. The design will include the following key four components of a typical risk management system: Risk Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Control Risk Management Project Problem Areas Research has been fairly successful till now although time constraint is one of a concern as it took a considerable time for project proposal to be accepted. Due to this, the study has just started lately so it is slightly early to determine the problem areas however, while conducting research following aspect have been identified to be particularly challenging: The most challenging aspect of this research to date is one of the key objectives of understanding Risk Management from a practical point of view I.e. how risk management is performed within real IT organisations. To accomplish this it is vital to conduct several interview sessions with an individual working in an IT organisation preferably within the risk management environment. Another challenging task is to identify the application of CRAMM within the IT environment. Till now the research has only identified CRAMM within ITIL environment which is although relevant but very specialised. This will hinder the understanding and relevance of CRAMM as a leading methodology within IT industry. Based on the above factor, it will be difficult to identify the technical design and architecture of such a risk management application which is one of the major objectives of this research. The above factors are challenging yet interesting since every dissertation project brings along difficulties and challenges to accomplish. Above factors are difficult but not impossible to achieve. An effective risk management strategy, when transferred into hardcoded software applications, provides assurance to the higher level executives of an organisation towards successfully achieving the following objectives: The smooth development and delivery of products. Time, cost and quality assurance of products to meet the standards. Analysing, assessing, controlling and managing the risks involved, with in time. The standards of operations in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. However, risk management process can be different based on the size of organisations. This research paper will also identify the difference of risk management implementations between large and small organisations Literature Review Aims and Objective A major aim of this research work is to focus on the fundamentals of risk management strategy and the implementation of risk management systems using CRAMM as a risk management methodology, with in small and large business organisations. Another key objective of investigating risk management is to understand how large and small organisations are currently safe guarding their key internal and external information assets stored on various IT platforms and avoid the high probability of risks that can hinder them achieving their objectives. This research will help gain a better idea of how organisations approach and accomplish their mission statements safe guarding their internal systems which are the hubs and stores for better information sharing. Another key objective of this research work is to study the stages involved in the designing and implementing an effective computerised risk management system in a generic business organisation. Initial study into risk management concludes the purpose of the process is to minimise the probability of high and low impact risks involved in implementing different IT systems which assist in smooth running of an organisation. Based on this study the research work will further provide a design and implementation of a risk management system keeping in mind the key components, features and objectives of such smart systems. The design will include the following key four components of a typical risk management system: Risk Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Control Risk Management Problem Area In this competitive digital era where organisations depend on various types of database driven Information Systems to store internal and external information which is a key to their success, companies need strong risk management strategies and measures in order to protect their knowledge base and other important information assets. These assets together help organisation achieve their goals and objectives and are based on different IT platforms. Hence, effective risk management strategy establishes strong policies, controls and measures to safe guard these assets. Brewer, Dr. David agrees in March 2003 that an efficient and effective risk management strategy plays a vital role towards building an organisations Information Technology security. A major objective of a successful risk management process is not just safe guarding the organisations IT infrastructure but also the organisations ability to achieve its objectives. Hence risk management should not just be treated solely as an IT task but more of a strategic policy implementation that is later on based on strong computerised systems. (Brewer, Dr. David. (March 2003)) It has been recognised by a number of experts and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective IT tools and methodologies. Risk Management Concept Brewer, Dr. David expresses about this competitive digital world in another article in 2002 by that organisations depend on various types of database driven Information Systems to store internal and external information which is a key to their success, companies also need strong risk management strategies and measures in order to protect their knowledge base and other important information assets. These assets together help organisation achieve their goals and objectives and are based on different IT platforms. Hence, effective risk management strategy establishes strong policies, controls and measures to safe guard these assets. (Brewer, Dr. David. (March 2003)) While discussing risks involved in Ecommerce, Changduk, J., Han, I., Bomil debates in 2000 that risk can be defined as the impact or effects of a weakness within a system, a department or an organisation. Risk is usually studied based on the calculations and estimations of its probability and the impact of occurrence. Organisational risks can be highly devastating for it to achieve its goals. Hence, organisations are always working towards strengthening their risk management strategies and measures so to avoid the impact and probability of its occurrence. An effective risk management policy usually comprises the following stages: Identification of Risks Risk Assessment Risk Analysis Potential Risk Treatments Risk Management Plan Execution of Plan Review and Evaluation of the Plan Keeping the key objectives of this research under consideration, the study is being performed towards understanding the development framework of a typical risk management software application which will be effective enough for assessing, analysing and mitigating risks which are expected to occur within IT organisations and systems. (Changduk, J., Han, I., Bomil (2000)) Risk Management in Information Technology Industry As per several interview sessions with Mr Dilawer Khan of Cerillion technologies Ltd, London, Effective Risk management is vital for every development and production based organisation. In a typical Information Technology organisation, development of various vital computer applications is always an ongoing process whereby new ideas are being computerised every day. This never ending development involves a wide variety of IT resources being involved. Even a smallest harm to such vital resources can result into huge costs or time delays to the company. Hence, for an IT organisation, irrespective or their size, it is essential to have an effectively designed, tested and reviewed risk management process so to avoid the worse consequences. Within an IT environment, Mr Khan claims, there are risks involved in everything they do because of a heavy usage of high profile computer applications and hardware being used non-stop. In order to be sure that all the processes and systems are being used within the safety and risk proof standards, it is essential to have a continuous risk identification and analysis process. According to Mr Khan, risk management contributes to the following vital factors: Increased certainty Better service delivery Effective change management Efficient use of resources Better decision making Surety to invest in new Innovations Safer working environment (Information gathered during an interview with Mr Khan: Cerillion Technologies Ltd, London 21/11/2009) In order to understand risk management in detail, it is essential to identify various risk management methodologies and frameworks currently applied in the market. Several risk management frameworks have been identified and studied to differentiate their applications and effects on risk occurrences and impacts. Risk Management in SMEs and Large Businesses With the drastic growth in advertising and marketing over the internet, organisations, be at large multinational setups or SMEs; have invested considerable revenue into making themselves pronounced globally over the growing world wide web. Organisations have not just invested in advertising over the internet but also the way businesses used to share or spread confidential information has changed drastically due to more and more advancements in the ease of communication channels provided by the internet. Now days, businesses communicate globally over various internet interconnected networks by converting information into several formats such as digital and other web based storage and sharing medium, and allow others to share over the widely interconnected network. As companies and businesses are becoming paper free and performing web based transactions, more and more viruses, malware, spam, phishing and other online criminal activities have started to become evident. These intangible criminal activities have, on several occasions, resulted in businesses losing huge chunks of investments and have affected the level of trust users gained on business over the internet. These threats have also increased the requirement for investments in securing business assets by protecting the Technical resources of the company and implementing strong IT controls and protocols to keep information protected. An interesting article called An Open Framework for Risk Management by Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D in 2000 debates that with the progress in communication and information sharing platforms, online collaboration has become a major part of every organisations daily tasks. What was gathered from interviewing Mr Khan was relevant to this journal whereby he expresses this collaboration is important for companies yet carry a threat of information security. Organisations need to ensure that any medium that is being used for internal or external collaboration has been fully protected. Organisations tend to invest towards information security depending on their financial limitations. Hence, the biggest difference in the strength of information security between SMEs and large organisations is that SMEs can only invest a limited amount towards securing their information and collaboration channels. Small and medium enterprises are also found to be less aware of the consequences of information security threats where as they seem to be more interested towards investing into new communication channels and transfer of digital information. However, the lack of finances to be invested towards securing these channels has resulted into a major negligence towards the information security. These smaller firms also act as outsourcing companies to the large organisations where by the SMEs handle full or part of a project or a task on a contractual basis whereby both the firms are interlinked with each other while SMEs being the weaker platform in terms of security. Large firms fail to understand that a weak connection attracts cyber criminals to attack. (Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D (2000)) Overview of CRAMM Risk Management Methodology One of key objectives of this research is to perform a detailed investigation of a UK Governments Risk Analysis and Management Method called CRAMM. Research has been performed from various online resources based on this method as well as CRAMM practitioners have been consulted to attain a closer and more practical view about the method. This research will later on discuss a perfect scenario where by CRAMM can be implemented and the technical design of CRAMM Risk Analysis System. CRAMM Method Organisations, these days, are reliant on the resources they have and the assets that they built during the span of their business. These assets usually include data that these businesses hold, equipment which is necessary to make use of this data and services that these business offer. These assets are bare necessities of any organisation and hence protecting these assets is vital for a long lasting income. In order to protect the necessary assets of an organisation, various risk analysis, assessment and management methodologies have been practiced and implemented. Risk analysis and assessment involves gathering the information of a potential risk that may occur and assessing the impact of such incident. Risk management involves taking measures to reduce the probability of such risks and identifying procedures to follow if a risk occurs. UK governments security service created a risk assessment and management software called as CRAMM. CRAMM is not just a software tool but a complete management strategy that was developed by UK government national security authorities to implement a secure and risk free working environment in businesses. CRAMM assesses risks based on three parameters; value of assets, potential threats and susceptibility which measures the probability of risks based on weaknesses of procedures and standards. These parameters are considered as different assets which are considered and clearly studied during the initial risk analysis stage of CRAMM. This information is usually gathered with the help of the main leaders of these assets such as Data Managers, Technical Support Staff etc and the review that results from this assessment includes counter measures to either avoid the occurrence of risks or develop steps to follow if a risk occurs to minimise its affects. Following are the stages involved in CRAMM process, also expressed in the form of a diagram. These stages can also be considered as automated steps while dealing with CRAMM software: Initiation Identification and Valuation of Assets Information Impact Valuation IT Software Applications Valuation Threat and Vulnerability Assessment Full Risk Analysis Rapid Risk Analysis Risk Calculation Chapter 3 Risk Management with CRAMM It has been recognised by a number of experts such as Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D in an article called Guide for Selecting Risk Analysis Tools. In 1999, and risk management organisations that risk management and analysis are although critically important for organisations, they can be unsustainable without effective tools, methodologies and frameworks. As expressed in the proposal, this research studies a market leading Risk Management methodology called CRAMM (CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Method). The idea of CRAMM came into reality in 1987 by CCTA (Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency) of the United Kingdom government. The main purpose of CRAMM was to provide security to UK government departments information systems and is now one of the market leading risk management frameworks working as a qualitative risk analysis and management tool towards reducing probability of risk occurrences in businesses of almost any nature. (Gilbert, I.E. (1999)) CRAMM is a sophisticated methodology and is currently on its version 5.0 which comprises of a three staged risk management framework: Asset identification and valuation. Threat and vulnerability assessment. Countermeasure selection and recommendation. CRAMM is simply a framework that uses a specific format. This format includes the following key components: Interviews, meetings and surveys to gather data Divides IT assets into sub categories such as: data, software and physical assets Helps you realise the impact of the occurrence of a risk Identifies the likelihood of a threat to occur CRAMMs latest version in market is 3.0 which is a highly user interactive tool specifically for Information Technology sector. This version is ideal for identifying the security requirements of an information management system. CRAMM complies the rules and standards of British Standard policy (BS) 7799:1995 IT Risk Assessment with CRAMM System Initiation CRAMM risk analysis consists of set of human interaction activities such as interviews, questionnaires and meetings. This research initiates by setting objectives, scope and boundary of the review, identification of project scope, stakeholders and the end deliverables. The research is based on reviews which initiate by initial interview sessions with the stakeholders conducted by CRAMM experts. These can be as many interviewees as defined by the intensity of the project which are then documented in the Initial Documentation of CRAMM risk Analysis. Identification and Valuation of Assets As expressed by Mr Khan in an interview, Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002) also expresses the importance of realistic estimates before starting the CRAMM analysis of an IT organisation or department. He states that it is essential to estimate the actual value of organisational resources. Based on the valuation of assets, CRAMM experts then identify the level of security that needs to be audited and implemented. In a typical IT organisation there are various types of assets off which the three assets are as followed: Data Software Applications Physical Assets (Hardware and Network) After clear identification of assets, it is necessary to identify the inter dependencies of assets so to be able to revaluate the level of importance of individual asset. Interrelated assets include Intranet, Email, Extranet and other information collaboration sources. At this stage, the CRAMM risk analysts need to be extra cautious since at the beginning of the project if the asset models are made too critically it will complicate the whole analysis however, any lack of detail may cause unrealistic results (Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002)). The analysis process starts with gathering the information sources, storage mediums and channels of communication. In order to get this information in its most appropriate and complete manner, it is essential to identify the actual personnel who are responsible for data/information management in the company. In a generic IT organisation, there are Data Model Managers, Intranet Supervisors and Product Managers who are the key sources of information as well as the real owners of the key business data. It is then required by the CRAMM practitioners to start their reviewing process by initiating several interview sessions with these personnel. Since, these are pure IT individuals and may not have any knowledge of the CRAMM reviews, it is essential for the Analyst to provide introductory lessons prior to commencing their analysis so to avoid capture of unnecessary or lack of information. (Labuschagne, L., Eloff, J.H.P (20020)) Information Impact Valuation Once the individuals are determined and taught about CRAMM reviews, the estimation of asset values start. Here the key pointer is to identify and analyse the consequences of loss of information such as breach in a contract and unavailability of information for specific period of time. The data owners help identify the instants where data can be unavailable (web failure, data theft, confidentiality etc). CRAMM experts usually have pre defined sets of guidelines to follow in case of different types of disasters. These guidelines and standards are usually generic which can be personalised with a little analysis and efforts. The initial analysis of information sources, it becomes easier for analysts to manipulate the guidelines and prepare an analysis document specifically based on the individual scenario. These guidelines avoid utilising big numbers. Analysts tend to replace 4 digit numbers with 1. I.e. 4,000 = 4 and 100,000 = 100. This technique avoids the probability of making small numeric errors for assets (Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002. IT Software Applications Valuation Another long interview session was arranged with Mr Khan of Cerillion Technologies whereby it was identified that in previous analysis of information, CRAMM analysts interviewed the key stakeholders involved in information management. However, when we consider Software Applications as assets these are not physical yet easy to analyse and study in comparison to information. This is because the impact of unavailability of such applications can be easily measured and tested by either communicating with the Technical Support personnel or practical exercises such as switching off the applications. This measurement then helps identifying the cost that the company could incur should such an incident occurs. Although software applications are considered and measured amongst the other physical assets, the nature of their databases and the actual data inside databases should be measured amongst rest of the information sources. Here comes the concept of three tear architecture of applications. If an application has three tear development architecture, the consequences of any harm to few layers could still allow the organisation to recover quickly with less cost. However, the business could bare a huge impact in case of any harm to the database, depending on the nature of the data. Threat and Vulnerability Assessment The final analysis session that holds the maximum importance is the measurement of the probability of threat occurrences. In order to measure this probability, CRAMM uses a pre defined set of relational tables which allow various combinations of threat groups with the asset groups. CRAMM initiates by dividing assets into groups which are then put against the set of threat groups. The automated decision support capability of CRAMM then allows the risk analysts to be able to determine the interrelations between assets and their probable risks. The type of threat groups to include is usually pre-defined by the customer organisation before the analysis starts. This is because business of different nature is susceptible to different nature of threats depending on their assets and business processes. In relations to the vulnerability aspect of risk analysis, CRAMM lacks detailed technical analysis in terms of systems applications analysis and design information. It is rather inclined towards the top executives and risks mentioned by them hence an analysis that requires deep down research into applications would not be suitable via CRAMM. (Information gathered during an interview with Mr Khan: Cerillion Technologies Ltd, London 21/11/2009) Once the critical analysis is over, key information has been gathered and key information resources have been identified, CRAMM allows two ways of risk analysis: Full Risk Analysis Full risk assessment and analysis is mostly recommended where by analysts gather key detailed information from the Support or Network personnel. These sessions are conducted with the help of face to face interviews and questionnaires. The information gathered from this review is then entered into CRAMM in order for it to decide the Risk groups based on it decision making functionality. CRAMM then calculates the probability of possible threats based on five levels: Very High, High, Medium, Low, Very Low. Vulnerability on the other hand is defined on a three point scale: Low, Medium and High. These levels define the probability of risk and vulnerability. Rapid Risk Analysis Rapid risk analysis includes quick analysis of possible risks, threats and vulnerabilities. These are then defined using three pointer valuations I.e. Very Low, Medium and High. Without much of an information analysis, the three levels are pre defined in the system as Very Low being the one where by probability is once in 10 years, Medium is 30% 50% probability of occurring a considerable risk and High means higher probability of risk occurrence. This information is gathered using qualitative way of data gathering such as brief questionnaires. Risk Calculation After the analysis and measurement of the probability of each threat against an asset, CRAMM is capable to calculate the level of risk against each Asset Group. The level of risk is depicted using a 1 to 7 (where by 1 = Very Low and 7 = Very High) scale matrix. The matrix compares each Asset, based on its value, to its relevant probable vulnerability and threat. System then generates executive level reports and graphs for a better and debatable understanding. (Krause, M., Tipton, H.F (2002)). CRAMMs Application Through direct hands on experience on CRAMM based tool it was identified that CRAMM, as a methodology, is flexible enough to be incorporated in any nature of the information system lifecycle from planning through to live operation. CRAMM application can be used at any point in the information system of the life cycle to identify the security and / or eventuality needs for an information system or network. This may include: Strategy planning, to determine the relative costs and implications of the implementation, the organisation may make used of high level risk analysis to identify broad security or contingency. At feasibility study stage, when looking at probable solutions to identify the broad security or contingency requirements and the costs involved at various options, high risk analysis may be required. During analysis stage, of the detailed business and technical environments, where the chosen option needs to be looked into further and polished, high risk analysis may be required. Before putting the software on live environment, it is essential to perform realistic analysis of procedural, personnel and security pre-requisites to ensure standards are in place. for the duration of live running high risk analysis may be required, where concerns about security or contingency issues may arise, E.g. In reaction to a new or increased threat or due to a security breach. In order to ensure all security and audit standards exist as per required, another set of detailed analytical activities is essential vital to the successful implementation of CRAMM. CRAMM Case Study A Czech corporation he decision to implement and operate an Information Security Management System using CRAMM. The risk analysis carried out with CRAMM, was an essential part of the project and concluded with system certification in fulfilment with ISO/IEC 27001 (BS 7799). With the superiority of CRAMM being confirmed via numerous successful certification and spectrum of happy clients, it is now the most commonly used methodology in Europe for risk analysis and management. Deeming it unnecessary to invest in the methodology and other supporting tools security department specialists, as a result turned to a leading consultancy firm for support. All the company specialists alongside the members of the consultancy firm worked collectively on the chosen Partnership Approach. This means of work, effectively utilized all resources and guaranteed the movement of knowledge to internal experts. RISK ANALYSIS IS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF PREPARATION FOR ISMS CERTIFICATION Project Initiation The project team compromised of 4 people, two internal specialists and two consultants, one of which led the project. The methodology chosen was PRINCE2, to be used for project management and all related activities essential for accurate initiation. The Project Initiation Document is the first project output and summarizes everything activity, from the project goal to detailed descriptions of activities, alongside a breakdown of all the resources used throughout the project. All the information on the subject of the systems and current documentations was gathered at the beginning. Detailed Risk Analysis Risk analysis was divided into two parts: Identifying and Modelling Assets Risk Evaluation For any organisation assets associated to information processing are extremely valuable to them with the most important being Data Assets whose recognition tends to be particularly hard. Processed by the company were vast amounts of data regarding their production, clientele, suppliers, and personnel, alongside strategic management information. Overall a total of 10 groups and 54 subgroups were identified. Respondents that were chosen beforehand were interviewed using the data evaluation process. These respondents, who were all users of the data or subgroups were able to inform probable breaches that could cause damage to the companys status, or outcome in financial loss and additional damage. All worst case scenarios of instances where data is unavailable and its disclosure and amendment were looked into. Project Initiation Document Project goals Approach used to conduct the project and methodologies applied Project team and roles Project stages, resources, outputs and responsibilities Timeline Quality assurance plan, project risks Introduction As previously expressed, the main purpose of this research is to gather realistic and practical information about Risk Management from Risk Assessors and project managers and to learn about their daily life at work and the activities they carry out which allow them to be able to manage risk management with in small and large organisations. Hence, this research is mainly based on both primary and secondary data collection however more reliance can be seen on the primary information gathered through interviews and questionnaire. Major preference has been given to data gathered through several interview sessions with an Information Systems Analyst working within the Information Technology industry for over 6 years. This individual has been vigorously involved in risk management and analysis. This is to identify the real nature of tasks that risks managers perform within their working span. Other than interviews a questionnaire has been designed and distributed amongst Information Technology professionals, Risk Assessors and Strategic Management staff for them to be able to express their views by answering a set of both open and closed ended questions. A big part of information has also been gathered from various articles and academic journals present on the internet. While gathering this secondary data, every effort has been made to maintain the basic focus of this research and analyse the similarities between secondary data and information gathered through interview sessions with a professional working and applying basic risk management concepts with in large and small organisations. Since a major objective of this research is to study and understand the fundamentals of risk management strategy and the implementation of risk management systems using CRAMM as a risk management methodology, with in small and large business organisations. Another key objective of investigating risk management is to understand how large and small organisations are currently safe guarding their key internal and external information assets stored on various IT platforms and avoid the high probability of risks that can hinder them achieving their objectives. This objective has been achieved by various interview sessions with Mr. Khan of Cerillion Technologies Ltd. This research will help gain a better idea of how organisations approach and accomplish their mission statements safe guarding their internal systems which are the hubs and stores for better information sharing. Another key objective of this research work is to study the stages involved in the designing and implementing an effective computerised risk management system in a generic business organisation. Initial study into risk management concludes the purpose of the process is to minimise the probability of high and low impact risks involved in implementing different IT systems which assist in smooth running of an organisation. Based on this study the research work will further provide a design and implementation of a risk management system keeping in mind the key components, features and objectives of such smart systems. The design will include the following key four components of a typical risk management system: Risk Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Control Risk Management Research Framework Research framework consists of series of interviews and a questionnaire to gather qualitative and quantitative data. There have been almost 6 interview sessions whereby each lasted for 1:00 to 2:00 hours. These sessions included both questions and training sessions on CRAMM based risk management tools whereby the interview has helped understand the key basics of Risk Management process and its stages as well as computerized tools used by Strategy makers, risk assessors or project managers in small and large organisations to perform their functions efficiently. For better understanding, the questionnaire has been written in English and is divided into three parts to capture data for the key three objectives of this research. This framework also includes information gathered by studying through various journals and articles online written by highly experienced and qualified individuals within the Risk management market. Sampling The target interviewees are mainly Risk Managers and Strategy makers who are working within the information systems development environments. Data Collection Tool The main data collection tool is a questionnaire designed in order for Risk Assessors or Project Managers to be able to think about the processes and techniques they use to perform their jobs and deliver projects with in time and budget. Questionnaire consists of both open and closed ended questions designed for ease of use by the target audience. The questionnaire will try to analyze the target interviewees and their views on the focus area which will help in the development of the final end product which is a working model of what has been learnt about project managers through this research. Data Analysis This research provided a close study on risk management as a process and identify the nature of task and stages involved which lead to an efficient strategy. Key data analysis has been focused towards meeting the main three objectives of this research which are to understand how small and large organisations are currently safe guarding their business against risks, what is CRAMM and how does CRAMM strategy incorporated with Information Technology becomes useful for businesses and the third objective of identifying the technical design of a CRAMM based risk management system. Academic research/Secondary Research A vast number of academic journals, articles and research papers have been studied to establish a bridge between the point of view gathered while interviewing Mr Khan of Cerillion Technologies Ltd and what has been expressed by various different researchers online. It has been noticed that these articles follow a specific conceptual approach towards the whole process of project management. Researchers tend of idealize the process of managing an IT project as a sequential process made of strict set of similar stages for projects of almost every nature. It was, however, identified that Project Management is completely different for Information System Development projects. SAS for Risk Management The leading provider in new generation of business intelligence software and services that creates true enterprise intelligence. Creating intelligence using huge amounts of data, SAS is the only vendor that completely integrates data, analytics, and business intelligence tools. Used at over 38,000 sites including 99 of Fortune 100 businesses, SAS solutions allow organizations to benefit through the development of profitable relations with their clientele and suppliers, helping them stay on top. The SAS Solution SAS provides a firm-wide solution which consists of processes for managing risk, discovering unique opportunities and communicating those opportunities to management, shareholders and outside analysts. SAS Risk Dimensions makes it possible for institutions to manage data throughout the organization, enabling the analysis of complex situations and production of regulatory reports. It provides a single, comprehensive environment for data management that lets you: Gain access market data from anywhere in the world (irrelevant of geographic location, legacy system or origin). Qualify, clean and organize that data within a powerful environment that includes business rules, intelligent process and validation. Identify and evaluate multiple dimensions of risk, as well as your companys overall risk. In order to figure out risk measures SAS provides risk analysis that enables data to be analyzed and explored (firm-wide, by location, by region, by division, by portfolio, by business unit, by line of business, etc.), resulting in almost limitless perspectives and innovative insights with regards to the allocation of capital in relation to risk and returns. SAS enables decision makers to act speedily in response to changing market conditions, rapidly identify new strategic directions and uncover sources of prospective problems before they occur via risk reporting. Risk reporting transforms the immense amounts of data generated by your company into more manageable information that can be easily understood. Critical Analysis Risk management is imperative for IT. Moreover, many development projects do not make the grade to meet is expected of them and next to all online systems face an increasing array of threats. Additional attention needs to be given to these risks by IT professionals. CIPS (Canadian Information Processing Society) has taken the innovation and officially recognized the importance of conducting risk assessment at the beginning of assignments by all means and progressing with risk management throughout assignments. The majority of us have a basic appreciation for what is involved in risk management. All commencing activities face several threats, every one of which can lead to unintended results. Everything involves risk to a certain degree. Risk which is left unmanaged can move in and leave you with probable outcomes that are definitely unwanted. To lessen the negative impacts of unplanned events and in turn boost their positive impact, managing risk should be a significant part of risk management. Despite, that being a reasonable high level description, it is not always easy to imagine how that should be translated into practice. Available are a large number of risk management best practice guides, and quite a lot of specialized IT risk management best practice guides. A reasonable practice guide developed by a committee many of whom came from the world of finance Canada has its own Risk Management Guideline for Decision-Makers (CAN/CSA-Q850-7). In existence are specialized IT risk management best practice guides and standards. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers has a Software Life Cycle Risk Management Standard (1549-2001) and the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie-Mellon University has published best practice risk management guides for IT development, acquisition, and operations. The difficulty in hand is to decide which guide to follow and how it fits with everything else that needs to be done. The ten risk activities are: Establish risk management alignment Identify with relevant strategic business outcomes Be aware of relevant business process objectives Identify internal IT objectives and determine risk context Identity events associated with objectives (business and IT oriented) Sustain and monitor a risk action plan My informal translation of ERM identifies five risk management maturity levels: Initial Risk management gets completed, but it takes a hero to make it come about. Repeatable Risk management is done, but predominantly for the important stuff Defined There are enforced and employed risk management standards Measured There are risk management measures covering everything important Optimized Risk management is automatically being refined and enhanced My sense is that many British organizations have moved to the Initial level, but not all that far beyond level one. Risk is no longer regarded as a four letter word. Furthermore, risk management is now acknowledged as a good thing, although the level of commitment is not high. Heroes are required. IT professionals have to rise to the challenge. Aid your organization progress up the IT risk management maturity scale. Not only, is it the professional action to take but, it will also be good for your career and for your organizations future. Chapter 7 Conclusion Organizations are involuntarily reacting to pressure from competition are now customising their use of capital. To remain on top and competitive, companies have got to start looking at enterprise risk and measure performance on a risk-adjusted basis. Management must persistently analyse and reanalyse the risk of unpredicted losses versus capital. Businesses who know the difference between superior returns and moderate volatility generally achieve with superior valuations from financial markets. Adapting this belief and incorporate this in your business strategy is the key to executing a risk-based strategic initiative. Technology Three major pieces are required by the technology to successfully implement an ERM platform. The first piece is the capacity to without difficulty obtain data from unrelated systems, transform the data and load it into same format. The second piece is a flexible risk engine capable of producing the metrics necessary. Last of all, the third piece is the capacity for an ERM platform to effectively communicate metrics all through the business. Communication technologies include portals, scorecards, dashboards, Web-based reporting and traditional report creation tools. It is essential that all three components come together to create an integrated framework on which clients can put together an ERM solution. In addition, the framework must scale with the demands of the organization. Why Institutions Need Effective Enterprise Risk Management ÂÂ · Company Drivers One of the prime objectives of a comprehensive risk management solution is to reduce by and large the volatility of earnings at the same time as maintaining an adequate rate of return. To be successful internally, this concept mean that management must understand that behaviour must be rewarded based on risk adjusted return. Performance based solely on returns or risk diminishes the overall objective of decreasing earnings volatility and increasing shareholder value. Management must work to identify a risk-adjusted rate of return to measure business. These measures tend to reward behaviour that maximizes return while providing an incentive to examine and adjust the risk taken by the corporation. External corporations on the other hand must constantly battle for attention from analysts and investors. Firms which tend to be rewarded with higher valuation are those that are able to demonstrate lower earnings volatility than their competitors. Similarly, firms which may observe a lower cost of debt over their competitors are those that are able to demonstrate superior control to creditors. ÂÂ · Regulatory Forces On several occasions, many companies are forced to re-examine their risk control process due to changes in regulatory requirements. FAS133, FR932.5, the new Basel Capital Accord and a host of other regulations oblige companies to make use of risk management tools for regulatory reporting and compliance purposes. Those companies that fail to acceptably meet regulatory compliance risk facing adverse market reactions or face stiff fines. To comply with these new regulations, for the first time, many firms have begun to create risk methodologies. An effective ERM platform would help clients meet or exceed these new requirements. Communicate Risk Measures throughout the Organization A successful risk management initiative requires end-to-end communication of companys goals and objectives. This task is carried out amongst the RMS provider and the higher level directors who are the actual strategy makers. It is very common for firms to re-visit at the end of the year a mission statement or goals published at the beginning of the year. The initial definition of the global strategy and mission statement that is used to guide the direction of the firm is decided by the Executive management. The control committee or Chief Risk Officer then go on to shape this predetermined direction further by determining measurable objectives for the fiscal planning period(s). Strategic Analysis Once company goals and objectives have been communicated, the users need to be able to modify corporate strategy in case they need to avoid a negative situation. Before any form of unified strategy can be made, it is vital that the key indicators that add to the overall strategic objectives are identified. There are available numerous analysis techniques which can aid in determining the cause of abnormal conditions or furthermore provide insight into possible opportunities to improve revenue. Most of these Strategic Analysis techniques are common when we talk about enterprise risk management however there utilisation is rarely seen. These strategies are used to identify the what-if analysis for both small and large businesses. Some of these include: Conditional Risk Indicator analysis. Simulations of scenarios. Sensitivity analysis of risk indicators. Risk Indicators Ranking. Multiple period simulations. Shock Analysis. The above techniques are mostly designed to allow business to first create the what-if scenarios and then play around with them. However, if used correctly, CRAMM, in a small or large organisation, can provide you with a number of benefits, the most important of which the CRAMM user manual identifies as being the ability to provide a method by which expenditure on security and contingency can be justified. This statement reflects the movement of UK Government away from a risk avoidance strategy towards a risk management strategy. In other words you should be aiming at containing the risk and reducing it to an acceptable level, rather than attempting to eliminate it at any cost. Another benefit is that CRAMM will assist you to assess requirements and options for contingency planning. Chapter 8 References / bibliography Brewer, Dr. David. Risk, Security and Trust in the Open World of ECommerce. May 1999. URL: https://www.itsecurity.com/papers/p35.htm. Brewer, Dr. David. Risk Assessment Models and Evolving Approaches. IAAC workshop, London. July 2000. URL: https://www.gammassl.co.uk/topics/IAAC.htm . [CAI01] CAIDA Analysis of Code-Red. 15 August 2001. URL: https://www.caida.org/analysis/security/code-red/ Overview of Attack Trends. 19 February 2002. URL: https://www.isalliance.org/resources/papers/attack_trends.pdf . Changduk, J., Han, I., Bomil, S. Risk Analysis for Electronic Commerce Using Case-Based Reasoning. 1999. URL: https://afis.kaist.ac.kr/download/inter_jnl012.pdf. Chisnall, W. R. Applying Risk Analysis Methods to University Systems. EUNIS 97, European Cooperation in Higher Education Information Systems, Grenoble, France. 9-11 September 1997. URL: https://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/eunis/html3/congres/EUNIS97/papers/022701.html . Computer Economics Security Review 2002. URL: https://www.computereconomics.com/cei/news/secure02.html . Craft, R., Wyss, G., Vandewart, R., Funkhouser, D. An Open Framework for Risk Management. 21st National Information Systems Security Conference Proceedings. October 1998. URL: https://csrc.nist.gov/nissc/1998/proceedings/paperE6.pdf . Financial losses due to Internet intrusions, trade secret theft and other cyber crimes soar. March 2001. URL: https://www.gocsi.com/prelea/000321.html CERT/CC Statistics 1988-2001. URL: https://www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html. About CRAMM. URL: https://www.crammusergroup.org.uk/cramm.htm. CRAMM User Guide, Issue 2.0. Walton-on-Thames: Insight Consulting, January 2001. New Private-Sector Internet Security Alliance Launched. 23 April 2001. URL: https://usinfo.state.gov/topical/global/ecom/01042303.htm. A Practitioners View of CRAMM. September 1997. URL: https://www.gammassl.co.uk/topics/hot5.html. Gilbert, I.E. Guide for Selecting Risk Analysis Tools. NIST Special Publication 500-174. October 1989. URL: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/500-174/sp174.txt. Krause, M., Tipton, H.F., Section 3-1: Risk Analysis. Handbook of Information Security Management. December 1999. URL: https://secinf.net/info/misc/handbook/242-244.html. Labuschagne, L., Eloff, J.H.P, Risk Analysis Generations The Evolution of Risk analysis. August 1999. URL: https://csweb.rau.ac.za/deth/research/articles/ra_generations.pdf. Description of Automated Risk Management Packages that NIST/NCSC Risk Management Research Laboratory have examined. March 1991. URL: https://www.eff.org/Privacy/Newin/New_nist/risktool.txt. Ozier, W. A Framework for an Automated Risk Assessment Tool. 15 August 1999. URL: https://www.theiia.org/itaudit/index.cfm?fuseaction=forumfid=228. Hinton, C. CRAMM. December 2001. URL: https://www.scmagazine.com/scmagazine/sc-online/2001/review/059/product.html. Venter, H.S., Labuschagne, L., Eloff, J.H.P. Real-time Risk Analysis on the Internet. March 1999. URL: b.rau.ac.za/ifip/workgroup/docs1999/11_sec1999.doc.

History Of Rwanda And The Genocide - 1579 Words

HISTORY OF RWANDA AND THE GENOCIDE It is believed that the Hutu and the Tutsi were originally one community who shared some value culture and even religion until the colonialist announced their arrival. Rwanda has experienced a disturbing and prolonged cycle of violent conflict since 1959. The conflict which has been characteristically political and socio-economic in nature has played out mainly on the basis of ethnicity and regionalism. It was first German and Belgium colonialism that created and nurtured the country’s ethnic rivalry between the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi. The rivalry was constructed on the basis of a myth of Tutsi superiority over the Hutu in order to serve both the colonial policy of divide and rule and the colonial division of labor. The Tutsi were designated as the administrative supervisors and the Hutu s the labor force of the extractive colonial economy. The 1959 revolution brought the Hutu to power and ended colonialism. Unfortunately, though it succeeded in changing the colo nial socio-political relations, it failed to crush the ethnic stereotypes that continued to haunt the country (Maundi†¦et al, 2006:31). Later on the Rwandan government at that time itself perpetuated the ethnic hate since its 1962 independence. The 30 years governance fought reflected the ideology of division, hate anger, among others resulted into genocide in April 1994 leading to the death of Tutsi approximately 800,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsi lost their lives. However,Show MoreRelatedGhosts of Rwanda Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesGhosts of Rwanda Reflection Does the Genocide in Rwanda have a singular cause? I do not believe so; the cause of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was due to years of built up hatred between the Tutsis and the Hutus along with many other occurrences. The Rwandan Genocide is no exception with many variables contributing to the horrific events that took place. According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aimRead MoreWhat Was Happening Of Your Town?1094 Words   |  5 Pages What was happening in your town? I was born on April 13, 1994, in a small town in the USA. Today, I am a college going student, busy with my studies and other activities. However, during a history lesson, something made me ponder as to what the world would have been like in the year I was born or the month. I listen regularly to the news, but those headlines are forgotten by the end of the day. I just wondered what my city or town or the country was like in the year 1994. I was thinkingRead MoreGenocide : Genocide And Genocide1021 Words   |  5 Pages In Rwanda during 1994 Genocide happened between the Hutus and Tutsis. Hutus and Tutsis had disagreements on who will have power which effected the whole population of Rwanda. This leads to the question why there is Genocide in Rwanda? 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The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development. Rwanda’s militaryRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Rwandan Genocide has been a subject of research and debate for decades. Typically, ethnic and cultural differences between segments of Rwanda’s diverse population, namely the Hutu and the Tutsi, is the reason given to explain the genocide. Although this is a valid argument, the roots of the conflict are more compl ex stretching back to the era of colonialism. The impact of colonialism on Rwandan politics and society set the foundations for revolution in 1959 and, ultimately, genocide in 1994. 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Analysis Of Antoinette Cosways Defiant Journey In Wide...

The Importance of Self-Truth and Active Protest: Analysis on Antoinette Cosway’s Defiant Journey in Wide Sargasso Sea Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys calls forth ideas of feminism and self-worth in the fight against colonization during the 19th century. Antoinette Cosway lived in Jamaica her entire life, and yet, as a white woman, remains alienated from her neighbors throughout the novel. Just a few short years after the Emancipation Act, her family is still greatly suffering from the loss of slave labor and receiving the backlash due to their ties to the slave business. Antoinette is placed into an uncomfortable situation; she is torn between her past life as a slave owning Jamaican and her position as a member of the newly restructured†¦show more content†¦In a fit of rage and curiosity, Rochester angers Antoinette with unkind words about her mother and cruel accusations of madness within her. After realizing that Antoinette was close to opening up in an emotional, messy way, Rochester attempts to push the conversation to another, more reasonable time. Antoinette responds with passion of h er own: â€Å"‘You have no right,’ she said fiercely. ‘You have no right to ask questions about my mother and then refuse to listen to my answer’† (Rhys 117). With her fierce and aggressive words, Rochester eventually succumbs and listens to Antoinette’s truth about her mother’s life. Rhys portrays a defiance to the early and perpetual idea of women being regarded as a lesser sex and having a more passive, emotional, and second-class lifestyles in their relationships. This is greatly seen in Antoinette’s interactions with Rochester. Antoinette’s ability to attack Rochester’s oppressive nature with such forceful language not traditionally seen in women of her time shows her resistance to a submissive, lonely life typical for her gender. In an interest to preserve their futures and relationships with their husbands, most women would stand back and take whatever blows came their way, but Antoinette stand aside. Antoine tte’s direct opposition, specifically when she says â€Å"you have no right to ask questions†¦ and then refuse to listen to my answer† shows how she fought back against Rochester’s dominance. Antoinette’s

Imposing Meaning Upon Chaos free essay sample

The journey itself is a metaphor for human existence—the suggestion that our place as humans on earth is purely by chance, and we seek to find things to take as â€Å"signs† in order to validate that humans are purposed individuals and not accidental products of random science. An example of how Pynchon’s representation of the way in which people impose interpretation on the meaningless is a way to force order into an environment that is unequivocally disordered. Oedipa is faced with all sorts of information and all sorts of imaginings, but she cannot easily determine what is real and what she should dismiss as the product of an overactive imagination. She is desperate for any sign of confirmation that there is a purpose for where she is in life. Pynchon displays her desperation as Oedipa goes to the ladies’ room during intermission—â€Å"she looked idly around for the symbol she’d seen the other night†¦but all the walls, surprisingly, were blank. She could not say why, exactly, but felt threatened by this absence of even the marginal try at communication latrines are known for† (Pynchon 53). The mention of â€Å"marginal communication† is indicative of Oedipa’s frustration with the lack thereof in her own life, and obsessive search for more information on the Trystero. The way Oedipa wants to turn the mystery of the Trystero into a constellation, relates to the problem of communication theme. The real problem to Oedipa is why Driblette referred to the Trystero in his production of The Couriers Tragedy, but once again, his death acts as a breaking down of communication, which prevents her from ever finding out. Her labeling the Trystero as a constellation is a feeble attempt—it does not hold up as truly ordered. Oedipas quest to construct a constellation seems to indicate that she is only looking for a superficial system. Indeed, she never succeeds in figuring out the meaning behind the Trystero, and, further, the novel ends with the very strong likelihood that the mystery may hold no mystery at all. And just as she is unable to piece together the puzzle of the Trystero, she is similarly unable to refashion her life after it begins to fall apart. Oedipa has placed all of her time and effort into finding an answer for her mystery quest that it becomes her hope for placing meaning in her own life—â€Å"the Trystero [could] bring an end to her encapsulation in her tower† (Pynchon 31). Pynchon also uses the concepts of entropy and the possibility of meaning to emphasize the huge gaps between theory and understanding that theory, which is something Oedipa will perpetually struggle with. Entropy being the tendency of things to disorder themselves over time into chaos is a perfect symbol of what Oedipa is threatening to become as she becomes more and more frustrated with lack of communication, as well as becoming less and less sure of what is or is not reality: â€Å"she had only to drift†¦at random, and watch nothing happen, to be convinced it was purely nervous, a little something for her shrink to fix† (Pynchon 88). The Nefastis Machine, supposedly working against entropy, is a model for the themes of order and disorder through the novel. Like the machine, interpretation is an effort to impose order on disorder, but also like the machine, that interpretation is itself founded upon disorder. The entire ordering structure is called into question; Oedipa turns out not to be a sensitive, and she is never able to solve the story of the Trystero. Ultimately, Pynchon’s ability to use communication as a basis for something that should create order, instead ironically creating disorder—makes it nearly impossible to distinguish between the two, which leads characters such as Oedipa and Dr. Hilarius to attempt to translating order and meaning out of random things, not ever entirely sure whether or not they are hallucinating. Oedipa, in the end does not even attempt to deny that she is committed to attach meaning to things that may not coincide with what she believes—â€Å"Nothing†¦could touch her. Nothing did. The repetition of symbols was to be enough†¦she tested it, shivering: ‘I am meant to remember. Each clue that comes is supposed to have its own clarity, its fine chances for permanence’ † (Pynchon 95). Dr. Hilarius, in a sense, is used to help Oedipa temporarily see communication as potentially workable—Dr. Hilarius gets to finish his sentences and convey his opinions to her, raving or otherwise. By telling her to â€Å"cherish it,† it adds to the theme of attaching meaning to chaos where possible, â€Å"to hold it dear, for when you lose it, you go over by that much to the others. You begin to cease to be† (Pynchon 113). Although Oedipa still begins to lose herself through isolation resulting from being unable to make sense of the Trystero, it is clear that it is an almighty struggle to let go of the compulsion to make sense of nonsense. Finally, Pynchon is careful to highlight the fact that Oedipa becomes increasingly isolated from other people. The most striking image of this isolation comes early in chapter five, when Pynchon writes, Oedipa sat, feeling as alone as she ever had, now the only woman, she cannot even relieve her boredom and isolation by engaging in sex (Pynchon 94). She has distanced herself from her husband, her physician, and even her lover. Her social world is disintegrating along with the culture in which she lives. This part is useful in explaining how her obsession is obviously intertwined with finding meaning in a perceived conspiracy, because if it is not, the fact that these things in her life are completely meaningless will become her personal hell, which she cannot face. This is why the end of the novel shows Oedipa clinging to the hope that the crier of Lot 49 will be a link to her theory. The Crying of Lot 49 displays a fragmented world in which there are always winding distractions, in which information leads to more of the same, rather than to answers. In the face of such an onslaught of information communication breakdowns, Oedipa feels compelled to impose interpretations that might not fit for the simple reason that she needs a constellation,† recognizable, to hold on to. In trying to create order, Oedipa alienates herself from the very world she is trying to organize. As the novel demonstrates, in the Trystero conspiracy Oedipa, in vain, tries to solve, in the ending that is not really an ending at all, reality can be constructed as a way to validate importance in individuals’ existences.